Czech J. Food Sci., X:X | DOI: 10.17221/145/2024-CJFS

Impact of proofing and baking parameters on B complex vitamins retention of Arabic flatbread produced from wheat flour with different extraction ratesOriginal Paper

Ashraf M. Al-Khamaiseh ORCID...1, Mohammad H. Shahein2, Yanal Albawarshi2, Ayed Amr1
1 Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
2 Department of Medical Allied Sciences, Zarqa College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Zarqa, Jordan

Extensive research studies worldwide have discussed and analysed the effect of processing conditions on the nutritional aspects of Western types of bread; however, the literature on Arabic bread processing is very limited. This study aims to determine the effect of baking temperature and time on the retention of B vitamins in a pocket-forming Arabic flatbread model system. High-crumb flat Arabic bread (Thick Kmaj) was prepared by the straight dough method from three types of flour (patent, straight grade, and whole wheat) fortified with B vitamins. Doughs were fermented and proofed for 0, 30, 60, and 90 min and baked at five temperatures (250, 300, 350, 400, and 450 °C) for three different baking times (1, 2, and 3 min). Baking at lower temperatures (i.e. < 300 °C) resulted in higher B-complex vitamin retention values (more than 90%). Vitamin B6 showed exceptional retention values (about 100%), though these decreased by increasing the baking temperature. Vitamin retention levels in the produced Arabic bread samples are similar to those found in pan and other high-crumb bread types when baked at lower temperatures. Results are expected to positively impact the output and economics of the flour fortification process, as it can be helpful material for upcoming micronutrient survey studies to assess fortification process outcomes.

Keywords: thermal degradation; micronutrient stability; thick kmaj; fortification efficiency; baking temperature

Received: July 16, 2024; Revised: January 12, 2026; Accepted: January 19, 2026; Prepublished online: April 1, 2026 

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