Czech J. Food Sci., 2026, 44(1):1-15 | DOI: 10.17221/88/2025-CJFS

Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate in functional food ingredients: An overview of biosynthesis, metabolic mechanisms and applicationsReview

Xizi Zhang1, Huijing Zhang1, Jiaxing Li1, Chenchen Qi2, Di Zhang3, Wei Chen1, Chengtao Wang1
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology
1 and Business University, Beijing, P.R. China
2 Xinjiang Xinkang Agricultural Development Co., Ltd, Urumqi, P.R. China
3 School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China

β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) is a metabolite of the essential amino acid leucine, which can be produced naturally in mammals and is also found in trace amounts in citrus fruits and fish. Studies have shown that HMB plays an important role in maintaining human health by improving muscle health and inhibiting muscle catabolism. This review summarises the synthesis and metabolism of HMB and discusses its potential use as a nutrient, highlighting and analysing the importance of HMB supplementation for athletes' physical recovery and the treatment of muscular dystrophy-related diseases between 2019 and 2025. This study will help us to deepen our understanding of the application of HMB as a dietary supplement for the treatment of different diseases, providing the latest insights into its sustainability.

Keywords: β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate supplementation; dietary supplement; muscle; exercise; disease

Received: June 12, 2025; Revised: October 9, 2025; Accepted: October 15, 2025; Prepublished online: February 23, 2026; Published: February 27, 2026  Show citation

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Zhang X, Zhang H, Li J, Qi C, Zhang D, Chen W, Wang C. Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate in functional food ingredients: An overview of biosynthesis, metabolic mechanisms and applications. Czech Journal of Food Sciences. 2026;44(1):1-15. doi: 10.17221/88/2025-CJFS.
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