Czech J. Food Sci., 2023, 41(4):248-262 | DOI: 10.17221/67/2023-CJFS

Review on nutritional benefits of triticaleReview

Svetlana Kamanova1, Yernaz Yermekov1, Kamran Shah2, Azigul Mulati3, Xuebu Liu3, Berdibek Bulashev1, Dana Toimbayeva1, Gulnazym Ospankulova1
1 Department of Food Technology and Processing Products, Technical Faculty, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana, Kazakhstan
2 College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
3 Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China

Triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) is a hybrid cereal prepared by crossing wheat and rye. Triticale grain contains substances that have a positive effect on reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, cancer, and type 2 diabetes, as well as increasing body's immune response and intestinal function, which warrants a need for greater attention to research on triticale crop's nutritional composition. This review covers the most recent research on the nutritional composition of triticale grain in comparison to other cereals, its role in the food industry, and its usage as a food, providing a scientific foundation for triticale's further development as a sustainable crop. Due to the wide variety of chemical compounds revealed in triticale grain, it has the potential to be utilised as a substitute cereal for various food and beverages.

Keywords: cereals; carbohydrates; proteins; phenolics; polysaccharides

Received: April 27, 2023; Revised: June 13, 2023; Accepted: July 5, 2023; Prepublished online: August 7, 2023; Published: August 29, 2023  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Kamanova S, Yermekov Y, Shah K, Mulati A, Liu X, Bulashev B, et al.. Review on nutritional benefits of triticale. Czech J. Food Sci. 2023;41(4):248-262. doi: 10.17221/67/2023-CJFS.
Download citation

References

  1. Abrams S.A., Hawthorne K.M., Aliu O., Hicks P.D., Chen Z., Griffin I.J. (2007): An inulin-type fructan enhances calciumabsorption primarily via an effect on colonic absorption in humans. The Journal of Nutrition, 137: 2208-2212. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  2. Agil R. (2016): Functional properties of triticale bran bioactives using in vitro and in vivo model systems. [Ph.D. Thesis]. Ottawa, Carleton University: 222.
  3. Agil R., Hosseinian F. (2014). Determination of water-extractable polysaccharides in triticale bran. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 34: 12-17. Go to original source...
  4. Agil R., Patterson Z.R., Mackay H., Abizaid A., Hosseinian F. (2016): Triticale bran alkylresorcinols enhance resistance to oxidative stress in mice fed a high-fat diet. Foods, 5: 5. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  5. Alminger M., Eklund-Jonsson C. (2008): Whole-grain cereal products based on a high-fibre barley or oat genotype lower post-prandial glucose and insulin responses in healthy humans. European Journal of Nutrition, 47: 294. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  6. Ammar K., Mergoum M., Rajaram S. (2004): The history and evolution of triticale. Triticale Improvement and Production, 179: 1-9.
  7. Andersson A.A., Dimberg L., Åman P., Landberg R. (2014): Recent findings on certain bioactive components in whole grain wheat and rye. Journal of Cereal Science, 59: 294-311. Go to original source...
  8. Andersson A.A., Kamal-Eldin A., Åman P. (2010): Effects of environment and variety on alkylresorcinols in wheat in the HEALTHGRAIN diversity screen. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58: 9299-9305. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  9. Ao Z., Jane J.-l. (2007): Characterization and modeling of the A- and B-granule starches of wheat, triticale, and barley. Carbohydrate Polymers, 67: 46-55. Go to original source...
  10. Aprodu I., Banu I. (2016): Comparative analyses of physicochemical and technological properties of triticale, rye and wheat. The Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati. Fascicle VI-Food Technology, 40: 31-39.
  11. Aubertin-Leheudre M., Koskela A., Marjamaa A., Adlercreutz H. (2008): Plasma alkylresorcinols and urinary alkylresorcinol metabolites as biomarkers of cereal fiber intake in Finnish women. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, 17: 2244-2248. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  12. Bacic A., Fincher G.B., Stone B.A. (2009): Chemistry, biochemistry, and biology of 1-3 beta glucans and related polysaccharides: Academic Press.
  13. Bazhay-Zhezherun S., Romanovska T., Antonіuk M. (2016): Improving the nutritional value of grains by biological activation. Ukrainian Food Journal 5: 476-484. Go to original source...
  14. Biskup I., Kyrø C., Marklund M., Olsen A., Van Dam R.M., Tjønneland A., Landberg R. (2016): Plasma alkylresorcinols, biomarkers of whole-grain wheat and rye intake, and risk of type 2 diabetes in Scandinavian men and women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 104: 88-96. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  15. Bona L., Acs E., Lantos C., Tomoskozi S., Lango B. (2014): Human utilization of triticale: Technological and nutritional aspects. Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, 79: 139-152. Go to PubMed...
  16. Bordiga M., Locatelli M., Travaglia F., Arlorio M., Reyneri A., Blandino M., Coisson J. D. (2016): Alkylresorcinol content in whole grains and pearled fractions of wheat and barley. Journal of Cereal Science, 70: 38-46. Go to original source...
  17. Boshtam M., Rafiei M., Sadeghi K., Sarraf-Zadegan N. (2002): Vitamin E can reduce blood pressure in mild hypertensives. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 72: 309-314. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  18. Buchholz M., Drotleff A.M., Ternes W. (2012): Thiamin (vitamin B1) and thiamin phosphate esters in five cereal grains during maturation. Journal of Cereal Science, 56: 109-114. Go to original source...
  19. Bure¹ová I., Sedláèková I., Famìra O., Lipavský J. (2010): Effect of growing conditions on starch and protein content in triticale grain and amylose content in starch. Plant, Soil and Environment, 56: 99-104. Go to original source...
  20. Cashman K. (2003): Prebiotics and calcium bioavailability. Current Issues in Intestinal Microbiology, 4: 21-32. Go to PubMed...
  21. Chanson-Rolle A., Meynier A., Aubin F., Lappi J., Poutanen K., Vinoy S., Braesco V. (2015): Systematic review and meta-analysis of human studies to support a quantitative recommendation for whole grain intake in relation to type 2 diabetes. PLoS ONE, 10: e0131377. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  22. Chen H., Fu Y., Jiang X., Li D., Qin W., Zhang Q., Huang Z. (2018a): Arabinoxylan activates lipid catabolism and alleviates liver damage in rats induced by high-fat diet. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98: 253-260. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  23. Chen H., Xu J., Lv Y., He P., Liu C., Jiao J., Xue X. (2018b): Proanthocyanidins exert a neuroprotective effect via ROS/JNK signaling in MPTP induced Parkinson's disease models in vitro and in vivo. Molecular Medicine Reports, 18: 4913-4921. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  24. Chen Z., Li S., Fu Y., Li C., Chen D., Chen H. (2019). Arabinoxylan structural characteristics, interaction with gut microbiota and potential health functions. Journal of Functional Foods, 54: 536-551. Go to original source...
  25. Chopade M.U., Patil H.S., More R.B. (2017): Cereals and their nutritional value for health benefits. Advance and Innovative Research: 58.
  26. Ciappellano S., Testolin G., Allegrini M., Porrini M. (1990): Availability of selenium in dough and biscuit in comparison to wheat meal. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 34: 343-349. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  27. Collins H.M., Burton R.A., Topping D.L., Liao M.L., Bacic A., Fincher G.B. (2010): Variability in fine structures of noncellulosic cell wall polysaccharides from cereal grains: Potential importance in human health and nutrition. Cereal Chemistry, 87: 272-282. Go to original source...
  28. Combs G.F., Gray W.P. (1998): Chemopreventive agents: selenium. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 79: 179-192. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  29. Cornejo-Ramírez Y.I., Cinco-Moroyoqui F.J., Ramírez-Reyes F., Rosas-Burgos E.C., Osuna-Amarillas P.S., Wong-Corral F.J., Cota-Gastélum A.G. (2015): Physicochemical characterization of starch from hexaploid triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) genotypes. CyTA-Journal of Food, 13: 420-426. Go to original source...
  30. Coudray C., Bellanger J., Castiglia-Delavaud C., Rémésy C., Vermorel M., Rayssignuier Y. (1997): Effect of soluble or partly soluble dietary fibres supplementation on absorption and balance of calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc in healthy young men. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 51: 375-380. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  31. Coudray C., Feillet-Coudray C., Gueux E., Mazur A., Rayssiguier Y. (2006). Dietary inulin intake and age can affect intestinal absorption of zinc and copper in rats. The Journal of Nutrition, 136: 117-122. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  32. De Lumen B.O. (2005). Lunasin: A cancer-preventive soy peptide. Nutrition Reviews, 63: 16-21. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  33. De Moura N.A., Caetano B.F., Sivieri K., Urbano L.H., Cabello C., Rodrigues M.A., Barbisan L.F. (2012): Protective effects of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) intake on experimental colon carcinogenesis. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50: 2902-2910. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  34. Dinelli G., Bregola V., Bosi S., Fiori J., Gotti R., Simonetti E., Massaccesi L. (2014): Lunasin in wheat: A chemical and molecular study on its presence or absence. Food Chemistry, 151: 520-525. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  35. El Khoury D., Cuda C., Luhovyy B.L., Anderson G.H. (2012): Beta glucan: Health benefits in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism: 851362. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  36. Evers A., O'Brien L., Blakeney A. (1999): Cereal structure and composition. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 50: 629-650. Go to original source...
  37. FAOSTAT (2018): Statistics division of food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. Available at https://www.fao.org/food-agriculture-statistics/en/ (accessed Nov 14, 2020).
  38. Fardet A. (2010). New hypotheses for the health-protective mechanisms of whole-grain cereals: What is beyond fibre? Nutrition Research Reviews, 23: 65-134. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  39. Fernandez-Orozco R., Li L., Harflett C., Shewry P.R., Ward J.L. (2010): Effects of environment and genotype on phenolic acids in wheat in the HEALTHGRAIN diversity screen. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 587: 9341-9352. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  40. Figueroa-Méndez R., Rivas-Arancibia S. (2015): Vitamin C in health and disease: Its role in the metabolism of cells and redox state in the brain. Frontiers in Physiology, 6: 397. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  41. Ganther H.E. (1999): Selenium metabolism, selenoproteins and mechanisms of cancer prevention: Complexities with thioredoxin reductase. Carcinogenesis, 20: 1657-1666. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  42. Gao X., Cassidy A., Schwarzschild M., Rimm E., Ascherio A. (2012). Habitual intake of dietary flavonoids and risk of Parkinson's disease. Neurology, 78: 1138-1145. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  43. García-Nebot M.J., Recio I., Hernández-Ledesma B. (2014): Antioxidant activity and protective effects of peptide lunasin against oxidative stress in intestinal Caco-2 cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 65: 155-161. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  44. G±siorowski K., Szyba K., Brokos B., Kozubek A. (1996): Antimutagenic activity of alkylresorcinols from cereal grains. Cancer Letters, 106: 109-115. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  45. Gibson G., McCartney A., Rastall R. (2005): Prebiotics and resistance to gastrointestinal infections. British Journal of Nutrition, 93: S31-S34. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  46. Gibson G.R., Probert H.M., Van Loo J., Rastall R.A., Roberfroid M.B. (2004): Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutrition Research Reviews, 17: 259-275. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  47. Graf E., Eaton J.W. (1993): Suppression of colonic cancer by dietary phytic acid. Nutrition and Cancer, 19: 11-19. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  48. Graf E., Empson K.L., Eaton J.W. (1987): Phytic acid. A natural antioxidant. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 262: 11647-11650. Go to original source...
  49. Hallfrisch J., Behall K.M. (2003): Physiological responses of men and women to barley and oat extracts (nu-trimx). I. breath hydrogen, methane, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Cereal Chemistry, 80: 76-79. Go to original source...
  50. Hallmans G., Zhang J.-X., Lundin E., Stattin P., Johansson A., Johansson I., Åman P. (2003): Rye, lignans and human health. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 62: 193-199. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  51. Havensone G., Meija L., Balode L., Sturite I., Lejnieks A. (2017): Glycaemic profile and insulin response after consuming triticale flakes. Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences, Section B: Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences: 71. Go to original source...
  52. He X., Wu K., Zhang X., Nishihara R., Cao Y., Fuchs C.S., Song M. (2019). Dietary intake of fiber, whole grains and risk of colorectal cancer: An updated analysis according to food sources, tumor location and molecular subtypes in two large US cohorts. International Journal of Cancer, 145: 3040-3051. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  53. Heger J., Eggum B. (1991): The nutritional values of some high-yielding cultivars of triticale. Journal of Cereal Science, 14: 63-71. Go to original source...
  54. Hladyszowski J., Zubik L., Kozubek A. (1998): Quantum mechanical and experimental oxidation studies of pentadecylresorcinol, olivetol, orcinol and resorcinol. Free Radical Research, 28: 359-368. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  55. Holtekjølen A.K., Kinitz C., Knutsen S.H. (2006): Flavanol and bound phenolic acid contents in different barley varieties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54: 2253-2260. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  56. Hosseinian F., Mazza G. (2009): Triticale bran and straw: Potential new sources of phenolic acids, proanthocyanidins, and lignans. Journal of Functional Foods, 1: 57-64. Go to original source...
  57. Hurkman W.J., McCue K.F., Altenbach S.B., Korn A., Tanaka C.K., Kothari K.M., Anderson O.D. (2003): Effect of temperature on expression of genes encoding enzymes for starch biosynthesis in developing wheat endosperm. Plant Science, 164: 873-881. Go to original source...
  58. Hwang J.-T., Kim Y.M., Surh Y.-J., Baik H.W., Lee S.-K., Ha J., Park O.J. (2006): Selenium regulates cyclooxygenase-2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways by activating AMP-activated protein kinase in colon cancer cells. Cancer Research, 66: 10057-10063. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  59. Indiano-Romacho P., Fernández-Tomé S., Amigo L., Hernández-Ledesma B. (2019): Multifunctionality of lunasin and peptides released during its simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Food Research International, 125: 108513. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  60. Irakli M.N., Samanidou V.F., Biliaderis C.G., Papadoyannis I.N. (2012): Development and validation of an HPLC-method for determination of free and bound phenolic acids in cereals after solid-phase extraction. Food Chemistry, 134: 1624-1632. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  61. Iwatsuki K., Akihisa T., Tokuda H., Ukiya M., Higashihara H., Mukainaka T., Nishino H. (2003): Sterol ferulates, sterols, and 5-alk(en)ylresorcinols from wheat, rye, and corn bran oils and their inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus activation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51: 6683-6688. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  62. Ja¶kiewicz B., Szczepanek M. (2018): Amino acids content in triticale grain depending on meteorological, agrotechnical and genetic factors. Research for Rural Development, 2: 28-34. Go to original source...
  63. Jonnala R.S., Irmak S., MacRitchie F., Bean S.R. (2010): Phenolics in the bran of waxy wheat and triticale lines. Journal of Cereal Science, 52: 509-515. Go to original source...
  64. Joye I.J. (2020): Dietary fibre from whole grains and their benefits on metabolic health. Nutrients, 12: 3045. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  65. Juntunen K.S., Niskanen L.K., Liukkonen K.H., Poutanen K.S., Holst J.J., Mykkänen H.M. (2002): Postprandial glucose, insulin, and incretin responses to grain products in healthy subjects. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75: 254-262. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  66. Kaszuba J., Kapusta I., Posadzka Z. (2021): Content of phenolic acids in the grain of selected Polish triticale cultivars and its products. Molecules, 26: 562. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  67. Kendall C.W., Esfahani A., Hoffman A.J., Evans A., Sanders L.M., Josse A.R., Potter S.M. (2008). Effect of novel maize-based dietary fibers on postprandial glycemia and insulinemia. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 27: 711-718. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  68. Kies C., Fox H.M. (1970): Determination of the first-limiting amino acid of wheat and triticale grain for humans. Cereal Chemistry, 47: 615-625.
  69. Kim J.-H., Hue J.-J., Kang B.S., Park H., Nam S.Y., Yun Y.W., Lee B.J. (2011): Effects of selenium on colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate in mouse model with high-iron diet. Laboratory Animal Research, 27: 9-18. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  70. Kim K.-H., Tsao R., Yang R., Cui S.W. (2006): Phenolic acid profiles and antioxidant activities of wheat bran extracts and the effect of hydrolysis conditions. Food Chemistry, 95: 466-473. Go to original source...
  71. Kleessen B., Blaut M. (2005): Modulation of gut mucosal biofilms. British Journal of Nutrition, 93: S35-S40. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  72. Knudsen K.E.B. (2014): Fiber and nonstarch polysaccharide content and variation in common crops used in broiler diets. Poultry Science, 93: 2380-2393. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  73. Korge M., Alaru M., Keres I., Khaleghdoust B., Möll K., Altosaar I., Loit E. (2023): The influence of cropping system, weather conditions and genotype on arabinoxylan content in wheat and barley grains. Journal of Cereal Science: 103650. Go to original source...
  74. Laddomada B., Caretto S., Mita G. (2015): Wheat bran phenolic acids: Bioavailability and stability in whole wheat-based foods. Molecules, 20: 15666-15685. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  75. Landberg R., Kamal-Eldin A., Åman P., Christensen J., Overvad K., Tjønneland A., Olsen A. (2011): Determinants of plasma alkylresorcinol concentration in Danish post-menopausal women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65: 94-101. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  76. Lee S.R., Bar-Noy S., Kwon J., Levine R.L., Stadtman T.C., Rhee S.G. (2000): Mammalian thioredoxin reductase: Oxidation of the C-terminal cysteine/selenocysteine active site forms a thioselenide, and replacement of selenium with sulfur markedly reduces catalytic activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97: 2521-2526. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  77. Li C.-Y., Li W.-H., Lee B., Laroche A., Cao L.-P., Lu Z.-X. (2011): Morphological characterization of triticale starch granules during endosperm development and seed germination. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 91: 57-67. Go to original source...
  78. Liu M., Liu X., Luo J., Bai T., Chen H. (2021): Effect of digestion on bound phenolic content, antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic ability of insoluble dietary fibre from four Triticeae crops. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 45: e13746. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  79. Liu P., Guo W., Jiang Z., Pu H., Feng C., Zhu X., Little C. (2011): Effects of high temperature after anthesis on starch granules in grains of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The Journal of Agricultural Science, 149: 159-169. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  80. Lobo A.R., Cocato M.L., Jorgetti V., de Sá L.R., Nakano E.Y., Colli C. (2009). Changes in bone mass, biomechanical properties, and microarchitecture of calcium-and iron-deficient rats fed diets supplemented with inulin-type fructans. Nutrition Research, 29: 873-881. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  81. Malunga L.N., Beta T. (2015a): Antioxidant capacity of arabinoxylan oligosaccharide fractions prepared from wheat aleurone using Trichoderma viride or Neocallimastix patriciarum xylanase. Food Chemistry, 167: 311-319. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  82. Malunga L.N., Beta T. (2015b): Antioxidant capacity of water-extractable arabinoxylan from commercial barley, wheat, and wheat fractions. Cereal Chemistry, 92: 29-36. Go to original source...
  83. Malunga L.N., Izydorczyk M., Beta T. (2017): Effect of water-extractable arabinoxylans from wheat aleurone and bran on lipid peroxidation and factors influencing their antioxidant capacity. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre, 10: 20-26. Go to original source...
  84. Mann J. (2007): Dietary carbohydrate: Relationship to cardiovascular disease and disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 61: S100-S111. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  85. Mattila P., Pihlava J.-M., Hellström J. (2005): Contents of phenolic acids, alkyl-and alkenylresorcinols, and avenanthramides in commercial grain products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53: 8290-8295. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  86. McCallum J., Walker J. (1990): Proanthocyanidins in wheat bran. Cereal Chemistry, 67: 282-285.
  87. McRae M.P. (2017): Health benefits of dietary whole grains: an umbrella review of meta-analyses. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 16: 10-18. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  88. Meija L., Krams I., Cauce V., Samaletdin A., Söderholm P., Meija R., Adlercreutz H. (2015): Alkylresorcinol metabolites in urine and plasma as potential biomarkers of rye and wheat fiber consumption in prostate cancer patients and controls. Nutrition and Cancer, 67: 258-265. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  89. Mendis M., Leclerc E., Simsek S. (2017): Arabinoxylan hydrolyzates as immunomodulators in Caco-2 and HT-29 colon cancer cell lines. Food and Function, 8: 220-231. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  90. Mikulski D., K³osowski G. (2015): Phytic acid concentration in selected raw materials and analysis of its hydrolysis rate with the use of microbial phytases during the mashing process. Journal of the Institute of Brewing, 121: 213-218. Go to original source...
  91. Mitchell R.A., Lovegrove A., Shewry P.R. (2013): Lunasin in cereal seeds: What is the origin? Journal of Cereal Science, 57: 267-269. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  92. Naczk M., Shahidi F. (2006): Phenolics in cereals, fruits and vegetables: Occurrence, extraction and analysis. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41: 1523-1542. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  93. Nakurte I., Klavins K., Kirhnere I., Namniece J., Adlere L., Matvejevs J., Legzdina L. (2012): Discovery of lunasin peptide in triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack). Journal of Cereal Science, 56: 510-514. Go to original source...
  94. Navarro-Contreras A.L., Chaires-González C.F., Rosas-Burgos E.C., Borboa-Flores J., Wong-Corral F.J., Cortez-Rocha M.O., Cinco-Moroyoqui F.J. (2014): Comparison of protein and starch content of substituted and complete triticales (X Triticosecale Wittmack): Contribution to functional properties. International Journal of Food Properties, 17: 421-432. Go to original source...
  95. Nicolosi R., Bell S.J., Bistrian B.R., Greenberg I., Forse R.A., Blackburn G.L. (1999): Plasma lipid changes after supplementation with β-glucan fiber from yeast. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70: 208-212. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  96. Onipe O.O., Jideani A.I., Beswa D. (2015): Composition and functionality of wheat bran and its application in some cereal food products. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 50: 2509-2518. Go to original source...
  97. Park S.-H., Wilson J.D., Seabourn B.W. (2009): Starch granule size distribution of hard red winter and hard red spring wheat: Its effects on mixing and breadmaking quality. Journal of Cereal Science, 49: 98-105. Go to original source...
  98. Prasad R., Vaid M., Katiyar S.K. (2012): Grape proanthocyanidin inhibit pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo through induction of apoptosis and by targeting the PI3K/Akt pathway. PLoS ONE, 7: e43064. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  99. Rakha A., Saulnier L., Åman P., Andersson R. (2012): Enzymatic fingerprinting of arabinoxylan and β-glucan in triticale, barley and tritordeum grains. Carbohydrate polymers, 90: 1226-1234. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  100. Raschka L., Daniel H. (2005): Diet composition and age determine the effects of inulin-type fructans on intestinal calcium absorption in rat. European Journal of nutrition, 44: 360-364. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  101. Rayman M.P. (2000): The importance of selenium to human health. The Lancet, 356: 233-241. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  102. Reddy N., Sathe S., Salunkhe D. (1982): Phytates in legumes and cereals. Advances in Food Research, 28: 1-92. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  103. Reiss J. (1989): Influence of Alkylresorcinols from Rye and Related Compounds. Cereal Chemistry, 66: 491-493.
  104. Roca-Rodríguez M., López-Tinoco C., Murri M., Fernández-Deudero A., García-Palacios M., García-Valero M., Aguilar-Diosdado M. (2014): Postpartum development of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress markers in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 37: 503-509. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  105. Rodehutscord M., Rückert C., Maurer H.P., Schenkel H., Schipprack W., Bach Knudsen K.E., Siegert W. (2016): Variation in chemical composition and physical characteristics of cereal grains from different genotypes. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 70: 87-107. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  106. Ross A.B. (2012): Present status and perspectives on the use of alkylresorcinols as biomarkers of wholegrain wheat and rye intake. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism: 462967. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  107. Ross A.B., Kamal-Eldin A., Åman P. (2004): Dietary alkylresorcinols: Absorption, bioactivities, and possible use as biomarkers of whole-grain wheat and rye-rich foods. Nutrition Reviews, 62: 81-95. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  108. Ross A.B., Shepherd M.J., Schüpphaus M., Sinclair V., Alfaro B., Kamal-Eldin A., Åman P. (2003): Alkylresorcinols in cereals and cereal products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51: 4111-4118. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  109. Rumessen J.J., Bodé S., Hamberg O., Gudmand-Høyer E. (1990): Fructans of Jerusalem artichokes: Intestinal transport, absorption, fermentation, and influence on blood glucose, insulin, and C-peptide responses in healthy subjects. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52: 675-681. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  110. Salehi M., Arzani A. (2013): Grain quality traits in triticale influenced by field salinity stress. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 7: 580-587.
  111. Sang S., Zhu Y. (2011): Bioactive phytochemicals in wheat bran for colon cancer prevention. Cancer Research, 71: 4617-4617. Go to original source...
  112. Sapirstein H., Bushuk W. (2016): Rye grain: Its genetics, production, and utilization. In: Wrigley C.W., Corke H., Seetharaman K., Faubion J. (eds): Encyclopedia of Food Grains. 2nd Ed. Oxford, Elsevier: 159-167. Go to original source...
  113. Scalbert A., Manach C., Morand C., Rémésy C., Jiménez L. (2005): Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 45: 287-306. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  114. Schmiele M., Jaekel L.Z., Patricio S.M.C., Steel C.J., Chang Y.K. (2012): Rheological properties of wheat flour and quality characteristics of pan bread as modified by partial additions of wheat bran or whole grain wheat flour. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 47: 2141-2150. Go to original source...
  115. Schrauzer G.N. (2001): Nutritional selenium supplements: Product types, quality, and safety. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 20: 1-4. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  116. Seo C.-R., Yi B., Oh S., Kwon S.-M., Kim S., Song N.-J., Hong J.-W. (2015): Aqueous extracts of hulled barley containing coumaric acid and ferulic acid inhibit adipogenesis in vitro and obesity in vivo. Journal of Functional Foods, 12: 208-218. Go to original source...
  117. Shahidi F., Chandrasekara A. (2013). Millet grain phenolics and their role in disease risk reduction and health promotion: A review. Journal of Functional Foods, 5: 570-581. Go to original source...
  118. Shahidi F., Yeo J. (2018): Bioactivities of phenolics by focusing on suppression of chronic diseases: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19: 1573. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  119. Shinde S., Nelson J., Huber K. (2003): Soft wheat starch pasting behavior in relation to A- and B-type granule content and composition. Cereal Chemistry, 80: 91-98. Go to original source...
  120. Sierra M., García J.J., Fernández N., Diez M.J., Calle A. (2002): Therapeutic effects of psyllium in type 2 diabetic patients. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56: 830-842. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  121. Stasiuk M., Kozubek A. (2010): Biological activity of phenolic lipids. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 67: 841-860. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  122. Stevenson L., Phillips F., O'Sullivan K., Walton J. (2012): Wheat bran: its composition and benefits to health, a European perspective. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 63: 1001-1013. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  123. Stoddard F. (1999): Survey of starch particle-size distribution in wheat and related species. Cereal Chemistry, 76: 145-149. Go to original source...
  124. Straumīte E., Galoburda R., Tomsone L., Krūma Z., Grāmatiņa I., Kronberga A., Stūrīte I. (2017): Nutritional Quality of Triticale (× Triticosecale Wittm.) Grown under Different Cropping Systems. Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences, 71: 481-485. Go to original source...
  125. Surget A., Barron C. (2005): Histology of the wheat grain (Histologie du grain de blé). Cereal industries (Industries des Céréales), 145: 3-7. (in French)
  126. Szajewska H., Ruszczyñski M., Radzikowski A. (2006): Probiotics in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The Journal of Pediatrics, 149: 367-372. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  127. Tayyar S. (2014): Some chemical and technological properties of Turkish triticale (Triticosecale Wittm.) genotypes. Romanian Biotechnological Letters, 19: 9891.
  128. Topping D. (2007): Cereal complex carbohydrates and their contribution to human health. Journal of Cereal Science, 46: 220-229. Go to original source...
  129. Williams C.M. (1999): Effects of inulin on lipid parameters in humans. The Journal of Nutrition, 129: 1471S-1473S. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  130. Wilson J., Bechtel D., Todd T., Seib P. (2006): Measurement of wheat starch granule size distribution using image analysis and laser diffraction technology. Cereal Chemistry, 83: 259-268. Go to original source...
  131. Wo¶ H., Brzeziñski W. (2015): Triticale for food - The quality driver. In: Eudes F. (ed.): Triticale. Switzerland, Springer: 213-232. Go to original source...
  132. Wright E., Scism-Bacon J., Glass L. (2006): Oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes: The role of fasting and postprandial glycaemia. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 60: 308-314. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
  133. Zeèeviæ V., Kne¾eviæ D., Bo¹koviæ J., Milenkoviæ S. (2010): Effect of nitrogen and ecological factors on quality of winter triticale cultivars. Genetika, 42: 465-474. Go to original source...
  134. Zhu F. (2018). Triticale: Nutritional composition and food uses. Food Chemistry, 241: 468-479. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.